Fiber optic interferometer sensors are primarily classified into Fabry-Perot, Mach-Zehnder, Michelson, and Sagnac types, each with unique configurations and sensing capabilities.1. Fabry-Perot Interfe...
Fabry-Perot interferometers consist of two parallel reflecting surfaces forming an optical cavity, where interference occurs due to multiple reflections between the surfaces. FPIs are further classified into:
Mach-Zehnder interferometers split light into two separate paths, with one path interacting with the measurand. The recombination of the beams produces interference patterns that encode changes in optical path difference. MZIs can be implemented using photonic crystal fibers or double-cladding fibers and are suitable for multi-parameter sensing, including strain, temperature, and refractive index . They are valued for compactness, high coupling efficiency, and stability.
Michelson interferometers use a single beam splitter to divide light into a reference and sensing beam. The reference beam reflects off a fixed mirror, while the sensing beam reflects off a movable or perturbed mirror. The interference pattern provides information about displacement, strain, or vibration. Michelson designs are simple and widely used in precision measurement applications .
Sagnac interferometers rely on counter-propagating light beams in a fiber loop. The phase difference between clockwise and counterclockwise beams is sensitive to rotation, strain, and temperature. Sagnac interferometers are often combined with long-period fiber gratings (LPGs) for enhanced sensitivity and multi-parameter sensing . They are particularly robust against environmental noise and suitable for rotation sensing and gyroscopes.
| Interferometer | Configuration | Measurand Sensitivity | Advantages |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fabry-Perot | Parallel mirrors (intrinsic/extrinsic) | Strain, temperature, pressure, RI | High resolution, simple fabrication (extrinsic), compact (intrinsic) |
| Mach-Zehnder | Two separate paths | Strain, temperature, RI | Multi-parameter sensing, compact, high stability |
| Michelson | Single beam splitter, reference & sensing mirrors | Displacement, strain, vibration | Simple, precise, widely used |
| Sagnac | Fiber loop, counter-propagating beams | Rotation, strain, temperature | Robust, high sensitivity, suitable for gyroscopes |
These classifications provide a framework for selecting the appropriate fiber optic interferometer sensor based on application requirements, sensitivity, and environmental conditions .
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